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        <h1>
          <div class="m-doc-template">template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;</div>
          <span class="m-breadcrumb"><a href="namespacetf.html">tf</a>::<wbr/></span>Pipeline <span class="m-thin">class</span>
        </h1>
        <p>class to create a pipeline scheduling framework</p>
        <table class="m-table m-fullwidth m-flat">
          <thead>
            <tr><th colspan="2">Template parameters</th></tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 1%">Ps</td>
              <td>pipe types</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <nav class="m-block m-default">
          <h3>Contents</h3>
          <ul>
            <li>
              Reference
              <ul>
                <li><a href="#typeless-methods">Constructors, destructors, conversion operators</a></li>
                <li><a href="#pub-methods">Public functions</a></li>
              </ul>
            </li>
          </ul>
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<p>A pipeline is a composable graph object for users to create a <em>pipeline scheduling framework</em> using a module task in a taskflow. Unlike the conventional pipeline programming frameworks (e.g., Intel TBB), Taskflow&#x27;s pipeline algorithm does not provide any data abstraction, which often restricts users from optimizing data layouts in their applications, but a flexible framework for users to customize their application data atop our pipeline scheduling. The following code creates a pipeline of four parallel lines to schedule tokens through three serial pipes:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Executor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">size_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num_lines</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">size_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num_pipes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="c1">// create a custom data buffer</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num_pipes</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num_lines</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="c1">// create a pipeline graph of four concurrent lines and three serial pipes</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeline</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">pipeline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num_lines</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// first pipe must define a serial direction</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// generate only 5 scheduling tokens</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">      </span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// save the token id into the buffer</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">      </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">()][</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}},</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// propagate the previous result to this pipe by adding one</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">()][</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">()][</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}},</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// propagate the previous result to this pipe by adding one</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">()][</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">()][</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// build the pipeline graph using composition</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;ready</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="w">                        </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;starting pipeline&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">composed_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pipeline</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w">                        </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;pipeline&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;stopped</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="w">                        </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;pipeline stopped&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// create task dependency</span>
<span class="n">init</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// run the pipeline</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span></pre><p>The above example creates a pipeline graph that schedules five tokens over four parallel lines in a circular fashion, as depicted below:</p><pre class="m-console"><span class="go">o -&gt; o -&gt; o</span>
<span class="go">|    |    |</span>
<span class="go">v    v    v</span>
<span class="go">o -&gt; o -&gt; o</span>
<span class="go">|    |    |</span>
<span class="go">v    v    v</span>
<span class="go">o -&gt; o -&gt; o</span>
<span class="go">|    |    |</span>
<span class="go">v    v    v</span>
<span class="go">o -&gt; o -&gt; o</span></pre><p>At each pipe stage, the program propagates the result to the next pipe by adding one to the result stored in a custom data storage, <code>buffer</code>. The pipeline scheduler will generate five scheduling tokens and then stop.</p><p>Internally, <a href="classtf_1_1Pipeline.html" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />Pipeline</a> uses <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/tuple.html" class="m-doc-external">std::<wbr />tuple</a> to store the given sequence of pipes. The definition of each pipe can be different, completely decided by the compiler to optimize the object layout. After a pipeline is constructed, it is not possible to change its pipes. If applications need to change these pipes, please use <a href="classtf_1_1ScalablePipeline.html" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />ScalablePipeline</a>.</p>
        <section id="typeless-methods">
          <h2><a href="#typeless-methods">Constructors, destructors, conversion operators</a></h2>
          <dl class="m-doc">
            <dt>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#aad8735676e4f9fd8474ad1ac51b58f3e" class="m-doc">Pipeline</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">size_t num_lines,
              Ps &amp;&amp; ... ps)</span>
            </dt>
            <dd>constructs a pipeline object</dd>
            <dt>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#a879a54b37af5db33e5768e5b3c135ba6" class="m-doc">Pipeline</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">size_t num_lines,
              <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/tuple.html" class="m-doc-external">std::<wbr />tuple</a>&lt;Ps...&gt;&amp;&amp; ps)</span>
            </dt>
            <dd>constructs a pipeline object</dd>
          </dl>
        </section>
        <section id="pub-methods">
          <h2><a href="#pub-methods">Public functions</a></h2>
          <dl class="m-doc">
            <dt>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">auto <a href="#a79f066bacd6c1abd28c26d8196955e95" class="m-doc">num_lines</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">) const -&gt; size_t <span class="m-label m-flat m-success">noexcept</span></span>
            </dt>
            <dd>queries the number of parallel lines</dd>
            <dt>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">auto <a href="#adfef0c60f8f8ace267d7cd8548457ff3" class="m-doc">num_pipes</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">) const -&gt; size_t <span class="m-label m-flat m-primary">constexpr</span> <span class="m-label m-flat m-success">noexcept</span></span>
            </dt>
            <dd>queries the number of pipes</dd>
            <dt>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">void <a href="#a311d874b98de6f0def8a7d869e8d15bd" class="m-doc">reset</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">)</span>
            </dt>
            <dd>resets the pipeline</dd>
            <dt>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">auto <a href="#a89af6714b661ded59970cac4c73b3ef9" class="m-doc">num_tokens</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">) const -&gt; size_t <span class="m-label m-flat m-success">noexcept</span></span>
            </dt>
            <dd>queries the number of generated tokens in the pipeline</dd>
            <dt>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">auto <a href="#a4320bdd8b8cf05c9aac1b9fa000e4a35" class="m-doc">graph</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">) -&gt; <a href="classtf_1_1Graph.html" class="m-doc">Graph</a>&amp;</span>
            </dt>
            <dd>obtains the graph object associated with the pipeline construct</dd>
          </dl>
        </section>
        <section>
          <h2>Function documentation</h2>
          <section class="m-doc-details" id="aad8735676e4f9fd8474ad1ac51b58f3e"><div>
            <h3>
              <div class="m-doc-template">
                template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;
              </div>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"> tf::<wbr />Pipeline&lt;Ps&gt;::<wbr /></span><span class="m-doc-wrap"><span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#aad8735676e4f9fd8474ad1ac51b58f3e" class="m-doc-self">Pipeline</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">size_t num_lines,
              Ps &amp;&amp; ... ps)</span></span>
            </h3>
            <p>constructs a pipeline object</p>
            <table class="m-table m-fullwidth m-flat">
              <thead>
                <tr><th colspan="2">Parameters</th></tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td style="width: 1%">num_lines</td>
                  <td>the number of parallel lines</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ps</td>
                  <td>a list of pipes</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
<p>Constructs a pipeline of up to <code>num_lines</code> parallel lines to schedule tokens through the given linear chain of pipes. The first pipe must define a serial direction (<a href="namespacetf.html#abb7a11e41fd457f69e7ff45d4c769564a7b804a28d6154ab8007287532037f1d0" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />PipeType::<wbr />SERIAL</a>) or an exception will be thrown.</p>
          </div></section>
          <section class="m-doc-details" id="a879a54b37af5db33e5768e5b3c135ba6"><div>
            <h3>
              <div class="m-doc-template">
                template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;
              </div>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"> tf::<wbr />Pipeline&lt;Ps&gt;::<wbr /></span><span class="m-doc-wrap"><span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#a879a54b37af5db33e5768e5b3c135ba6" class="m-doc-self">Pipeline</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">size_t num_lines,
              <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/tuple.html" class="m-doc-external">std::<wbr />tuple</a>&lt;Ps...&gt;&amp;&amp; ps)</span></span>
            </h3>
            <p>constructs a pipeline object</p>
            <table class="m-table m-fullwidth m-flat">
              <thead>
                <tr><th colspan="2">Parameters</th></tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td style="width: 1%">num_lines</td>
                  <td>the number of parallel lines</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ps</td>
                  <td>a tuple of pipes</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
<p>Constructs a pipeline of up to <code>num_lines</code> parallel lines to schedule tokens through the given linear chain of pipes. The first pipe must define a serial direction (<a href="namespacetf.html#abb7a11e41fd457f69e7ff45d4c769564a7b804a28d6154ab8007287532037f1d0" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />PipeType::<wbr />SERIAL</a>) or an exception will be thrown.</p>
          </div></section>
          <section class="m-doc-details" id="a79f066bacd6c1abd28c26d8196955e95"><div>
            <h3>
              <div class="m-doc-template">
                template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;
              </div>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">size_t tf::<wbr />Pipeline&lt;Ps&gt;::<wbr /></span><span class="m-doc-wrap"><span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#a79f066bacd6c1abd28c26d8196955e95" class="m-doc-self">num_lines</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">) const <span class="m-label m-success">noexcept</span></span></span>
            </h3>
            <p>queries the number of parallel lines</p>
<p>The function returns the number of parallel lines given by the user upon the construction of the pipeline. The number of lines represents the maximum parallelism this pipeline can achieve.</p>
          </div></section>
          <section class="m-doc-details" id="adfef0c60f8f8ace267d7cd8548457ff3"><div>
            <h3>
              <div class="m-doc-template">
                template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;
              </div>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">size_t tf::<wbr />Pipeline&lt;Ps&gt;::<wbr /></span><span class="m-doc-wrap"><span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#adfef0c60f8f8ace267d7cd8548457ff3" class="m-doc-self">num_pipes</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">) const <span class="m-label m-primary">constexpr</span> <span class="m-label m-success">noexcept</span></span></span>
            </h3>
            <p>queries the number of pipes</p>
<p>The Function returns the number of pipes given by the user upon the construction of the pipeline.</p>
          </div></section>
          <section class="m-doc-details" id="a311d874b98de6f0def8a7d869e8d15bd"><div>
            <h3>
              <div class="m-doc-template">
                template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;
              </div>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">void tf::<wbr />Pipeline&lt;Ps&gt;::<wbr /></span><span class="m-doc-wrap"><span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#a311d874b98de6f0def8a7d869e8d15bd" class="m-doc-self">reset</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">)</span></span>
            </h3>
            <p>resets the pipeline</p>
<p>Resetting the pipeline to the initial state. After resetting a pipeline, its token identifier will start from zero as if the pipeline was just constructed.</p>
          </div></section>
          <section class="m-doc-details" id="a89af6714b661ded59970cac4c73b3ef9"><div>
            <h3>
              <div class="m-doc-template">
                template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;
              </div>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper">size_t tf::<wbr />Pipeline&lt;Ps&gt;::<wbr /></span><span class="m-doc-wrap"><span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#a89af6714b661ded59970cac4c73b3ef9" class="m-doc-self">num_tokens</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">) const <span class="m-label m-success">noexcept</span></span></span>
            </h3>
            <p>queries the number of generated tokens in the pipeline</p>
<p>The number represents the total scheduling tokens that has been generated by the pipeline so far.</p>
          </div></section>
          <section class="m-doc-details" id="a4320bdd8b8cf05c9aac1b9fa000e4a35"><div>
            <h3>
              <div class="m-doc-template">
                template&lt;typename... Ps&gt;
              </div>
              <span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="classtf_1_1Graph.html" class="m-doc">Graph</a>&amp; tf::<wbr />Pipeline&lt;Ps&gt;::<wbr /></span><span class="m-doc-wrap"><span class="m-doc-wrap-bumper"><a href="#a4320bdd8b8cf05c9aac1b9fa000e4a35" class="m-doc-self">graph</a>(</span><span class="m-doc-wrap">)</span></span>
            </h3>
            <p>obtains the graph object associated with the pipeline construct</p>
<p>This method is primarily used as an opaque data structure for creating a module task of the this pipeline.</p>
          </div></section>
        </section>
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